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A date has been set for an inquest hearing into the death of Irish Coast Guard volunteer Caitriona Lucas (41), over six years after her death off the Clare coast.

As The Irish Examiner reports, the Limerick coroner’s office has confirmed that the hearing will take place at Kilmallock courthouse, Co Limerick, on April 12th.

Ms Lucas, a mother-of-two, librarian and highly experienced volunteer with the Irish Coast Guard’s Doolin unit, died after a RIB attached to the Kilkee Coast Guard unit capsized during a search operation on September 12th, 2016.

She was the first Irish Coast Guard volunteer to lose their life during a tasking.

Ms Lucas’s husband, Bernard told journalist Gordon Deegan that it was “about time” that an inquest date had been set.

“I welcome it because by the time the inquest is held in April it will be six years and seven months,” Mr Lucas said, stating he did not know why there had been such a delay.

Maritime lawyer Michael Kingston had also recently described the delay in setting a date as “shocking”.

As Afloat has previously reported, two separate investigations were completed some time ago into the circumstances surrounding her death.

Maritime lawyer Michael Kingston Maritime lawyer Michael Kingston

The Marine Casualty Investigation Board (MCIB) report was published in December 2018.

Two years ago, Ms Lucas’s husband, Bernard Lucas, was informed by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) that no criminal charges would be brought after a separate investigation by the Health and Safety Authority (HSA).

The MCIB report was critical of the Irish Coast Guard’s safety management system, and catalogued a number of systems and equipment failures in relation to the Kilkee Coast Guard unit.

However, Mr Lucas said that he “very disappointed” that the published MCIB report had failed to address questions over equipment his wife was wearing, and both he and members of the Kilkee Coast Guard unit queried the location given in the report.

Mr Kingston has also criticised the MCIB report into Ms Lucas’s death, and has called for a re-investigation.

Read more in The Irish Examiner here

Published in Coastguard

The Department of Transport is expanding its dedicated staff in key areas of the maritime sector and across the Irish Coast Guard to address the ever-growing demands on its services.

The Coast Guard comprises almost 100 full-time staff, who are supported by nearly 1,000 volunteers across 44 units nationwide. Around 400 individuals are saved every year by the organisation as it responds to almost 3,000 call-outs.

The Department of Transport has decided to appoint new leaders and managers across the maritime sector and within the Irish Coast Guard to support this vital work.

The vacancies include Assistant Secretary, Maritime Policy, a role which will drive and deliver Government Policy in the maritime sector and ensure that it meets international obligations and domestic needs.

For the first time ever, the Department is also recruiting an Assistant Secretary for the Irish Coast Guard who will have overall strategic, operational and governance responsibility for the service. They will also manage a diverse workforce of uniformed officers, volunteer units, operational staff, policy officials and administrative support staff.

A core aspect of this role will be to deliver a transformation programme of the IRCG following a review across all aspects of the Coast Guard Service including strategy, structure, roles, culture and governance, to ensure that the IRCG is best placed to succeed in the 21st century.

Additionally, the Department is also recruiting for the role of Director of the Irish Coast Guard. The Director will be a key member of senior management and will be responsible for continuing the delivery of a best-in-class service that is trusted by the citizen. The role will include ensuring effective and efficient delivery for critical incidence responses to maritime emergencies.

The Department is committed to equal opportunity, diversity and inclusion in its workforce.

Full details of the various roles, including specific eligibility requirements, will be available on www.publicjobs.ie and on Afloat with links below

An additional three upcoming opportunities include: Quality Assurance Officer in the Irish Coast Guard; Health and Safety Officer in the Irish Coast Guard; and Electronics Officer in the Irish Coast Guard. These roles will be open for application in the coming months.

Assistant Secretary, Maritime Policy  The Department of Transport are looking for an exceptional individual to lead Ireland’s Maritime Policy and to make a real impact across a full range of issues relating to this sector.  

Assistant Secretary, Irish Coast Guard We are seeking an exceptional individual at Assistant Secretary level to have overall strategic, operational and governance responsibility for the service in Ireland. The department are looking for an individual who will deliver a best-in-class service where volunteers and permanent staff are proud to work. 

Director of the Irish Coast Guard The Director of the Irish Coast Guard will be responsible for delivering a best-in-class service that is trusted by the citizen and be a key member of the senior management team in the Department of Transport.

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The Irish Coast Guard Volunteers Representative Association (ICGVRA) says it is taking legal advice on a new protective disclosure policy rolled out by the Department of Transport.

Coast Guard volunteers around the coast have been informed that the department’s updated policy now covers volunteers, as well as current and former employees, independent contractors, trainees and job candidates.

The updated policy sets out the procedure by which a worker can make a protected disclosure, the way in which such reports are handled, and what the department will do to protect the reporting person.

The department says it is “strongly committed to supporting a culture where all our workers can safely speak up and report any concerns of relevant wrongdoing as defined in the legislation, and to provide the necessary supports to those who raise genuine concerns”.

The ICGVRA was formally initiated in Kilkee, Co Clare, in October 2021 following a commemoration for Irish Coast Guard volunteer Caitriona Lucas who lost her life at Kilkee on 12th September 2016.

It aims to provide a voice for current and former volunteers who have had issues with Irish Coast Guard management which have not been addressed.

John O’Mahony, Chairman of the rish Coast Guard Volunteers Representative AssociationJohn O’Mahony, Chairman of the rish Coast Guard Volunteers Representative Association

“The new protective disclosure policy has been produced. However, we know very little about how it will affect us in ICGVRA,” the association’s chairman John O’Mahony told Afloat.

“We may be excluded, however equally, it may have come about because of the pressure we have brought to bear on the Irish Coast Guard and Department of Transport,” he said. He said they had sought advice from a solicitor.

“There is no contact between ICGVRA and the Irish Coast Guard or Department of Transport as they ignore us and claim that Coastal Unit Advisory Group (CUAG) is the representative group for volunteers,” he said.

“Our view is that CUAG was for 22 years used as the advisory group, which its name indicates. It never did any representative work on behalf of any of the volunteers that have been dismissed or were in dispute with the IRCG,” he said.

Last May, an Oireachtas committed heard that morale among volunteers in the Irish Coast Guard is currently at an "all-time low", in part due to increasing "red tape" and the handling of disciplinary proceedings against members.

The ICGVRA told the Oireachtas committee on transport that many search and rescue units were at half strength due to internal tensions in the organisation.

It also said that many volunteers felt they had been unfairly targeted by Coast Guard management under the organisation’s disciplinary procedures, which had led to many senior volunteers resigning or being dismissed.

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Recreational craft and swimmers were the largest focus of Irish Coast Guard coordinated responses in 2022, an analysis shows.

As Afloat reported recently, figures released for 2022 show that the Irish Coast Guard co-ordinated responses to 2704 incidents last year.

This is the second highest number of incidents in five years, the agency says.

The recreational sector was most in need of help from the Irish Coast Guard and RNLI last year, as has been the trend in recent years.

There were 293 responses to incidents involving recreational vessels on both the Atlantic, Irish Sea and on inland waterways .

This includes yachts, motorboats, cabin cruisers, kayaks, rigid inflatable boats, punts and small inflatables.

Almost 500 incidents involved commercial vessels, and 117 of those were fishing vessels.

This included providing assistance for breakdowns at sea, and medical evacuations from vessels of all nationalities within the Irish exclusive economic zone.

The Irish Coast Guard says there were 57 incidents involving cargo/tankers/merchant vessels, while there were 27 incidents involving “other types”, as in passenger vessels.

August was the busiest month last year, reflecting the demand from leisure craft and users, with a 10% increase compared to 2021

The 44 Coast Guard units around the Republic’s coastline were mobilised on 1141 separate occasions in 2022.

Irish Coast Guard helicopters conducted 829 missions from the four bases run on contract by CHC Helicopters.

RNLI lifeboats were launched on 910 occasions last year, while community inshore rescue vessels launched for 96 incidents.

Critical assistance was provided to 559 people last year, it says.

The Irish Coast Guard is responsible for maritime search and rescue, maritime casualty and pollution preparedness and response.

Coast Guard staff and volunteers also assisted the Garda Síochána in open country search and mountain rescue.

Its staff and volunteers assisted Ireland’s National Ambulance Service in providing an air ambulance and helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) both inland and to the island communities.

Minister of State Jack Chambers, who held responsibility for the Irish Coast Guard, paid tribute to “all of the volunteers and staff for their professionalism and commitment”.

“I want to particularly recognise the work of the watch officers at rescue coordination centres in Malin, [Donegal], Valentia [Kerry] and MRCC Dublin, and Coast Guard support staff who, to their great credit, maintained an uninterrupted service throughout the Covid challenge,” he said.

The Coast Guard reiterated its core safety message, “Stay Afloat – Stay in Touch”, and highlighted the importance of never engaging in any commercial or recreational boating activity without wearing a life jacket or personal flotation device (PFD), coupled with a capacity to raise the alarm via means such as a VHF radio, personal locator beacon or EPIRB.

“This should be supported by informing shore-based colleagues of intended activity and anticipated return time. Mobile phones should not be considered as a suitable substitute or be relied upon as the only means of emergency communication at sea,” it said.

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With the current icy weather warnings in place throughout the country, the Coast Guard, RNLI and Water Safety Ireland have issued a joint water safety appeal urging people to be aware of the added danger at our aquatic environments and of additional safety considerations when on or near the water.

Due to the freezing temperatures, many inland bodies of water have frozen over at canals, lakes, ponds and flooded areas. As the thickness of this ice can vary greatly the strong advice is to stay off the ice. Be extra vigilant while walking beside bodies of water as walkways and paths can become extremely slippery and unsafe when icy. Keep pets and young children away from the edges.

"Cold water shock is a very real possibility"

Many people are expected to take part in festive dips. The three maritime organisations are asking people to check that they have the right information to enjoy these activities safely and that they know what to do in the event of an emergency. Cold water swims are very popular in the run-up to Christmas and New Year. However, the current cold snap means added risks to consider when participating in these activities. This is particularly so inland. Avoid lakes that are covered or partially covered in ice. 

  • In an emergency dial 999 or 112 and ask for the Coast Guard
  • Have a means of calling for help, e.g., a mobile phone in a waterproof pouch and a whistle
  • Check weather and tides. Be particularly mindful of strong wind conditions.
  • When you go open water swimming, it is very important to acclimatise by entering the water slowly and allowing time for your body to get used to the cold.
  • To help yourself acclimatise, splash the cold water on your neck and face.
  • Warm up afterwards by putting on dry clothes quickly and wear a warm hat as soon as you get out.
  • Entry and exit points may be difficult in the sub-zero conditions, so walk slowly to avoid slipping.
  • Avoid swimming in areas where there is ice.

Water Safety Ireland’s Deputy CEO, Roger Sweeney, added ‘Children are naturally curious about walking on ice but parents should emphasise that it is not safe as the thickness can vary. This is why it so important that adults provide uninterrupted, responsible supervision beside any waterway.”

RNLI Water Safety Delivery Support Lisa Hollingum added: ‘Cold water shock is a very real possibility while winter swimming and dipping. Acclimatise before getting in, don’t stay in long and warm up as soon as you get out of the water. Look out for one another.’

Irish Coast Guard Head of Operations Gerard O’Flynn said, “Many people are looking forward to engaging in outdoor activities, including open water swimming or quick dips over the festive period, but please attend to your personal safety by carefully planning your intended activity.”

Published in RNLI Lifeboats
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The national executive of the Irish Coast Guard Volunteers Representative Association says it is giving “full support” to Oireachtas members from County Clare who have called for an independent inquiry into Irish Coast Guard management.

This refers to an article in the Clare Champion newspaper quoting Clare TDs and Senators in a cross-party political call for an inquiry.

“We would like this to include the Minister of State with responsibility for the Irish Coast Guard, Ms Hildigarde Naughton TD; the Department of Transport including the Maritime Directorate and the Secretary General of the Department of Transport,” the Representative Association says.

It refers to a meeting of the Joint Oireachtas Committee last May when its members submitted “problems faced by Coast Guard volunteers, particularly when any problems arise within Coast Guard coastal units.”

The Association says, in a statement, that “only a truly independent inquiry can address the questions that need to be addressed.”

“it is time to bring a just solution to the dismissed volunteers that would like to present their own individual case before any independent inquiry.”

Published in Coastguard

A former Doolin Coast Guard member has spoken publicly about why he says he was forced to quit the service after 31 years.

Experienced rock and sea cave climber Conor McGrath says that after his resignation in October of last year, five others also resigned.

He says it was through “sheer frustration” over Irish Coast Guard management inaction in relation to five key issues.

In an interview with The Clare Champion, McGrath says that while local management was supportive, national Irish Coast Guard management was “disruptive”.

“One of our team members Caitríona Lucas was killed in Kilkee, and there was the helicopter crash,” McGrath recalled, referring to Ms Lucas’s death in September 2016 and the Rescue 116 helicopter crash with the loss of four air crew off north Mayo in March 2017.

He says that as a result there was “a lot of oversight, and criticism of management”.

“I think they had a knee jerk reaction and decided if you do nothing there will not be a problem. I said this is not acceptable to me while I was volunteering my skills and my time,” McGrath told The Clare Champion.

“I quit and that started a snowball effect. I felt things were not working and management was disruptive. We spent the last six years complaining, I said I have enough, I am gone,”he said.

“The ability to train and respond was greatly reduced to such an extent I felt it wasn’t feasible to work in the unit. It is a huge loss to the community and people that the service we had is gone,” he said.

While volunteers are required to respond quickly to a call out, he said that one of the doors in the €1.9 million Doolin Coast Guard Station in north Clare “didn’t open for about three years”.

“The door on the right hand side of the building was cannibalised to get the other two working. It was like a game of chess to move boats and vehicles to get out of one door. If it was in a fire station, would they put up with it?,” he told the newspaper.

“We used to train in the station using steel beams for winter training, which was a great opportunity for people who don’t cave or climb to get themselves in and out of trouble in a controlled environment,” he explained.

“The Coast Guard Sector Manager for the West Coast, Olan O’Keeffe put fantastic systems in place, but once this was done head office said you are not to use this again. We were told there is no more training in the station. I was never told why,” he said.

“Volunteers were never consulted about what they would actually need in the new station, which was built and is run by the Office of Public Works. The Coast Guard lease it,” he explained.

He said that while the new station was “a massive improvement on the old Doolin shed”, some volunteers believe it was built in the wrong location.

“A boat and trailer is about 40 feet long. We have to get through buses and traffic to get the boat on to the slipway. It could have been sited at the head of the slipway where the boat would be ready to go,”he said.

“The entrance into it isn’t wide enough to get the boat out easily. You can’t turn in one direction. It is farcical,” he said, adding that “it is nearly impossible to get the boat from the road into the yard. The practicalities were never really looked at or discussed.”

He said the main building is open to the sea air, probably for ventilation purposes.

“It is like parking your vehicle out in the open. From a maintenance point of view, that is not a good idea,”he said.

“The eaves are mesh and the sea air circulates through the building. The inside steel structure was rusting before we even moved in. It had to addressed,”he told the newspaper.

Mr McGrath recalled the Coast Guard bought a fleet of 4WD transit vans, but found out they couldn’t take the required weight for people and climbing equipment.

“To cover it up, they have never used the vans. The vans have a humidity storage area in the back. You can put in all your wet equipment and it will dry it out,”he said.

“Because of this problem the vans are sitting empty and equipment is being stored in an open trailer in what is practically an open building,”he said.

“There are harnesses costing €300 or €400 with mildew that have never been used because they are sitting in an open trailer in an open building while the van is empty,”he said.

Read more in The Clare Champion here

Asked to comment on claims in The Clare Champion interview, a spokesman for the Department of Transport said: “Coast Guard management have worked with Doolin Coast Guard Unit members over the past number of years following the unfortunate breakdown in interpersonal relationships that had occurred”.

“At the end of 2021, the Mulvey report on Doolin was completed, which made a number of recommendations which have been implemented. These include providing the existing Volunteer Coastal Unit Advisory Group (CUAG) with an enhanced representative role for all volunteers,” the department spokesman said. 

“A dedicated HR support service to volunteers has also been provided, which is independent of Coast Guard management. Secretariat support to CUAG is also available and training in HR for volunteers and new members of CUAG is also underway,” the spokesman said.

“The Doolin unit has been reconstituted and continues to make good progress. The Mulvey report recommended that the reconstituted Doolin unit be allowed sufficient time to develop a culture of mutual respect and trust, and this process is ongoing,” the spokesman said.

“Coast Guard management is very committed to ongoing consultation and communication with all Coast Guard volunteers and CUAG. Minister Hildegarde Naughton has visited a number of Coast Guard units since the relaxation of Covid restrictions and visited the Doolin Coast Guard unit recently,” the department spokesman said.

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Hildegarde Naughton TD, Minister with special responsibility for the Irish Coast Guard has today joined volunteers in Ardmore to mark the reopening of the Coast Guard station. The Ardmore Coast Guard Unit has a long history in the provision of search and rescue and can trace its origins back to the 1890s.

The Ardmore unit today a drone capability as well as the search function and works closely with its flank stations – Bonmahon and Youghal. This is important due to the varying coastline in the area which includes beaches, rock shores and cliffs. Cliff rescue cover is also provided in the area with the Bonmahon unit equipped for cliff rescue. Their area of operations extends from Dungarvan to the east and extends west over towards Youghal. The team comprises 17 dedicated volunteers delivering the Coast Guard service in their community.

After extensive refurbishment work, the Minister’s visit marks the reopening of the Coast Guard building at Ardmore. The refurbishment work was completed by the Office of Public Works on behalf of the Irish Coast Guard and included window replacement, painting, flooring and external improvements to the yard. Work was also carried out on the original ‘rocket’ house for use in storage and training.

Minister Naughton’s visits coincide with the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Irish Coast Guard this year. The Irish Coast Guard, which can trace its roots to 1822 includes 44 Coast Guard units across Ireland provide a national maritime search and rescue service and a maritime casualty and pollution response service. Volunteers and full-time staff respond to almost 3,000 call outs and save on average 400 lives a year.

Speaking from Ardmore, Minister Naughton said “The Irish Coast Guard is one of the State’s Principal Emergency Services and their work is both challenging and varied. I would like to acknowledge the commitment of staff and volunteers here in Ardmore, across the county of Waterford, and nationwide, for providing this crucial service and particularly for maintaining service delivery throughout the Covid pandemic. I continue to hear stories of volunteers leaving their families at home in the dead of night, and even on Christmas Day, to assist those in difficulty; a fact that demonstrates the personal sacrifice that is made by our volunteers 365 days of the year. Without our volunteers we simply would not have this lifesaving service. I would also like to thank their families and the wider community without whose support this service could not be provided.”

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Minister with special responsibility for the Irish Coast Guard Hildegarde Naughton TD, today visited Doolin Coast Guard Unit in County Clare to meet with the local volunteer team and hear first-hand about their life saving work.

Doolin Coast Guard Unit consists of 7 volunteers and 8 more in Inis Óirr. The Unit carries out search, boat and drone roles. In 2021, a total of 41 incident taskings were responded to, and a further 49 so far in 2022. Following the recent appointments of Officer in Charge and Deputy Officer in Charge the unit continues to work on its core competencies. The skills and dedication of the volunteers who staff the Doolin Coast Guard unit have proven extremely important in the delivery of the Irish Coast Guard mission statement – both locally within their community and in support of the national service. Further expansion of the unit will be undertaken to continue to provide an effective maritime search and rescue service in County Clare.

Minister Naughton’s visits coincide with the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Irish Coast Guard this year. The Irish Coast Guard, which can trace its roots to 1822 includes 44 Coast Guard units across Ireland provide a national maritime search and rescue service and a maritime casualty and pollution response service. Volunteers and full-time staff respond to almost 3,000 call outs and save on average 400 lives a year.

Speaking from Doolin, Minister Naughton said “The Irish Coast Guard is one of the State’s Principal Emergency Services and their work is both challenging and varied. I would like to acknowledge the commitment of staff and volunteers here in Clare, and nationwide, for providing this crucial service and particularly for maintaining service delivery throughout the Covid pandemic. I continue to hear stories of volunteers leaving their families at home in the dead of night, and even on Christmas Day, to assist those in difficulty; a fact that demonstrates the personal sacrifice that is made by our volunteers 365 days of the year. Without our volunteers we simply would not have this lifesaving service. I would also like to thank their families and the wider community without whose support this service could not be provided.”

The Irish Coast Guard is one of the State’s Principal Emergency Services and their work is both challenging and varied. I would like to acknowledge the commitment of staff and volunteers in Galway, and nationwide, for providing this crucial service and particularly for maintaining service delivery throughout the Covid pandemic. I continue to hear stories of volunteers leaving their families at home at the dead of night, or on Christmas Day, to assist a person in difficulty; a fact that demonstrates the personal sacrifice that is made by our volunteers 365 days of the year. Without our volunteers we simply would not have this lifesaving service.”

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Crosshaven Coastguard has installed a new drive-up pontoon for its RIB rescue boat in Cork Harbour

The floating pontoon, that has been installed at the Royal Cork Yacht Club marina gives the local Coastguard unit a much safer and quicker response time.

The Coastguard says on social media that the pontoon will save launch time and the dangers of crossing a busy main road because 'the boat is already on the water but not in the water!" 

Crosshaven Coastguard's new new drive-up pontoon berth for its rescue RIBCrosshaven Coastguard's new new drive-up pontoon berth for its rescue RIB Photo: Bob Bateman

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Irish Fishing industry 

The Irish Commercial Fishing Industry employs around 11,000 people in fishing, processing and ancillary services such as sales and marketing. The industry is worth about €1.22 billion annually to the Irish economy. Irish fisheries products are exported all over the world as far as Africa, Japan and China.

FAQs

Over 16,000 people are employed directly or indirectly around the coast, working on over 2,000 registered fishing vessels, in over 160 seafood processing businesses and in 278 aquaculture production units, according to the State's sea fisheries development body Bord Iascaigh Mhara (BIM).

All activities that are concerned with growing, catching, processing or transporting fish are part of the commercial fishing industry, the development of which is overseen by BIM. Recreational fishing, as in angling at sea or inland, is the responsibility of Inland Fisheries Ireland.

The Irish fishing industry is valued at 1.22 billion euro in gross domestic product (GDP), according to 2019 figures issued by BIM. Only 179 of Ireland's 2,000 vessels are over 18 metres in length. Where does Irish commercially caught fish come from? Irish fish and shellfish is caught or cultivated within the 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), but Irish fishing grounds are part of the common EU "blue" pond. Commercial fishing is regulated under the terms of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), initiated in 1983 and with ten-yearly reviews.

The total value of seafood landed into Irish ports was 424 million euro in 2019, according to BIM. High value landings identified in 2019 were haddock, hake, monkfish and megrim. Irish vessels also land into foreign ports, while non-Irish vessels land into Irish ports, principally Castletownbere, Co Cork, and Killybegs, Co Donegal.

There are a number of different methods for catching fish, with technological advances meaning skippers have detailed real time information at their disposal. Fisheries are classified as inshore, midwater, pelagic or deep water. Inshore targets species close to shore and in depths of up to 200 metres, and may include trawling and gillnetting and long-lining. Trawling is regarded as "active", while "passive" or less environmentally harmful fishing methods include use of gill nets, long lines, traps and pots. Pelagic fisheries focus on species which swim close to the surface and up to depths of 200 metres, including migratory mackerel, and tuna, and methods for catching include pair trawling, purse seining, trolling and longlining. Midwater fisheries target species at depths of around 200 metres, using trawling, longlining and jigging. Deepwater fisheries mainly use trawling for species which are found at depths of over 600 metres.

There are several segments for different catching methods in the registered Irish fleet – the largest segment being polyvalent or multi-purpose vessels using several types of gear which may be active and passive. The polyvalent segment ranges from small inshore vessels engaged in netting and potting to medium and larger vessels targeting whitefish, pelagic (herring, mackerel, horse mackerel and blue whiting) species and bivalve molluscs. The refrigerated seawater (RSW) pelagic segment is engaged mainly in fishing for herring, mackerel, horse mackerel and blue whiting only. The beam trawling segment focuses on flatfish such as sole and plaice. The aquaculture segment is exclusively for managing, developing and servicing fish farming areas and can collect spat from wild mussel stocks.

The top 20 species landed by value in 2019 were mackerel (78 million euro); Dublin Bay prawn (59 million euro); horse mackerel (17 million euro); monkfish (17 million euro); brown crab (16 million euro); hake (11 million euro); blue whiting (10 million euro); megrim (10 million euro); haddock (9 million euro); tuna (7 million euro); scallop (6 million euro); whelk (5 million euro); whiting (4 million euro); sprat (3 million euro); herring (3 million euro); lobster (2 million euro); turbot (2 million euro); cod (2 million euro); boarfish (2 million euro).

Ireland has approximately 220 million acres of marine territory, rich in marine biodiversity. A marine biodiversity scheme under Ireland's operational programme, which is co-funded by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund and the Government, aims to reduce the impact of fisheries and aquaculture on the marine environment, including avoidance and reduction of unwanted catch.

EU fisheries ministers hold an annual pre-Christmas council in Brussels to decide on total allowable catches and quotas for the following year. This is based on advice from scientific bodies such as the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. In Ireland's case, the State's Marine Institute publishes an annual "stock book" which provides the most up to date stock status and scientific advice on over 60 fish stocks exploited by the Irish fleet. Total allowable catches are supplemented by various technical measures to control effort, such as the size of net mesh for various species.

The west Cork harbour of Castletownbere is Ireland's biggest whitefish port. Killybegs, Co Donegal is the most important port for pelagic (herring, mackerel, blue whiting) landings. Fish are also landed into Dingle, Co Kerry, Rossaveal, Co Galway, Howth, Co Dublin and Dunmore East, Co Waterford, Union Hall, Co Cork, Greencastle, Co Donegal, and Clogherhead, Co Louth. The busiest Northern Irish ports are Portavogie, Ardglass and Kilkeel, Co Down.

Yes, EU quotas are allocated to other fleets within the Irish EEZ, and Ireland has long been a transhipment point for fish caught by the Spanish whitefish fleet in particular. Dingle, Co Kerry has seen an increase in foreign landings, as has Castletownbere. The west Cork port recorded foreign landings of 36 million euro or 48 per cent in 2019, and has long been nicknamed the "peseta" port, due to the presence of Spanish-owned transhipment plant, Eiranova, on Dinish island.

Most fish and shellfish caught or cultivated in Irish waters is for the export market, and this was hit hard from the early stages of this year's Covid-19 pandemic. The EU, Asia and Britain are the main export markets, while the middle Eastern market is also developing and the African market has seen a fall in value and volume, according to figures for 2019 issued by BIM.

Fish was once a penitential food, eaten for religious reasons every Friday. BIM has worked hard over several decades to develop its appeal. Ireland is not like Spain – our land is too good to transform us into a nation of fish eaters, but the obvious health benefits are seeing a growth in demand. Seafood retail sales rose by one per cent in 2019 to 300 million euro. Salmon and cod remain the most popular species, while BIM reports an increase in sales of haddock, trout and the pangasius or freshwater catfish which is cultivated primarily in Vietnam and Cambodia and imported by supermarkets here.

The EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), initiated in 1983, pooled marine resources – with Ireland having some of the richest grounds and one of the largest sea areas at the time, but only receiving four per cent of allocated catch by a quota system. A system known as the "Hague Preferences" did recognise the need to safeguard the particular needs of regions where local populations are especially dependent on fisheries and related activities. The State's Sea Fisheries Protection Authority, based in Clonakilty, Co Cork, works with the Naval Service on administering the EU CFP. The Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine and Department of Transport regulate licensing and training requirements, while the Marine Survey Office is responsible for the implementation of all national and international legislation in relation to safety of shipping and the prevention of pollution.

Yes, a range of certificates of competency are required for skippers and crew. Training is the remit of BIM, which runs two national fisheries colleges at Greencastle, Co Donegal and Castletownbere, Co Cork. There have been calls for the colleges to be incorporated into the third-level structure of education, with qualifications recognised as such.

Safety is always an issue, in spite of technological improvements, as fishing is a hazardous occupation and climate change is having its impact on the severity of storms at sea. Fishing skippers and crews are required to hold a number of certificates of competency, including safety and navigation, and wearing of personal flotation devices is a legal requirement. Accidents come under the remit of the Marine Casualty Investigation Board, and the Health and Safety Authority. The MCIB does not find fault or blame, but will make recommendations to the Minister for Transport to avoid a recurrence of incidents.

Fish are part of a marine ecosystem and an integral part of the marine food web. Changing climate is having a negative impact on the health of the oceans, and there have been more frequent reports of warmer water species being caught further and further north in Irish waters.

Brexit, Covid 19, EU policies and safety – Britain is a key market for Irish seafood, and 38 per cent of the Irish catch is taken from the waters around its coast. Ireland's top two species – mackerel and prawns - are 60 per cent and 40 per cent, respectively, dependent on British waters. Also, there are serious fears within the Irish industry about the impact of EU vessels, should they be expelled from British waters, opting to focus even more efforts on Ireland's rich marine resource. Covid-19 has forced closure of international seafood markets, with high value fish sold to restaurants taking a large hit. A temporary tie-up support scheme for whitefish vessels introduced for the summer of 2020 was condemned by industry organisations as "designed to fail".

Sources: Bord Iascaigh Mhara, Marine Institute, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Department of Transport © Afloat 2020